Romania

Why Choose Romania in 2025?

Moving to Romania in 2025 means discovering a country on the rise, balancing rapid modernization with a deep appreciation for its rich heritage. Its unique blend of affordability, natural beauty, and a dynamic developing economy makes it an increasingly appealing destination for a diverse range of expats.

Unbeatable Affordability and Quality of Life

Romania consistently ranks as one of the most affordable countries in the European Union, making it an excellent choice for those looking to maximize their budget without compromising on quality of life. Housing, groceries, dining out, and transportation are significantly cheaper than in Western European nations. This affordability, combined with access to beautiful landscapes, vibrant city life, and a rich cultural scene, offers a high standard of living at a lower cost, which is a major draw for anyone planning to move to Romania.

Dynamic and Growing Economy

Romania’s economy has been one of the fastest-growing in the EU in recent years, with a projected GDP growth of around 3-4% in 2025. This growth is largely driven by a booming IT sector, automotive industry, and a strong presence in business process outsourcing (BPO). Cities like Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca are emerging as significant tech hubs, attracting foreign investment and creating numerous job opportunities for skilled professionals. For entrepreneurs, the low operating costs and competitive tax rates (especially for micro-enterprises) make Romania an attractive place to start or expand a business.

Rich Culture and Diverse Landscapes

Beyond the economic incentives, Romania offers an incredibly rich cultural experience. From the medieval charm of Transylvania’s towns and castles to the vibrant arts scene of Bucharest, there’s always something to explore. Nature lovers will be captivated by the dramatic Carpathian Mountains, the tranquil Danube Delta, and the Black Sea coastline. The warmth and hospitality of the Romanian people further enhance the experience, making it easier for newcomers to feel at home after they move to Romania.

Ultimately, whether your motivation is career growth in a developing market, enjoying a high quality of life on a reasonable budget, or immersing yourself in a fascinating European culture, moving to Romania in 2025 provides a rewarding and exciting foundation for a new life.

Immigration and Visa Updates: Your Path to Move to Romania

As an EU member, Romania offers straightforward immigration pathways for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens. For non-EU citizens, the process requires more documentation and planning, but several visa options are available. Understanding these will be key to your successful move to Romania.

For EU/EEA/Swiss Citizens

Citizens of EU, EEA, or Switzerland do not require a visa to enter or reside in Romania. However, if you plan to stay for more than 90 days, you must obtain a registration certificate (Certificat de Înregistrare) from the Romanian Immigration Office (Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări – IGI). This process is relatively simple and requires proof of identity, purpose of stay (e.g., employment contract, student enrollment, sufficient funds), and health insurance.

For Non-EU Citizens: Long-Stay Visas (D-Type Visas)

Non-EU citizens generally need a long-stay visa (D-Type) for purposes such as work, study, family reunification, or business. After entering Romania with a D-type visa, you must apply for a residence permit from the IGI within 30 days.

1. Work Visa (Viza de Lungă Ședere pentru Angajare în Muncă)

This is the most common visa for those moving to Romania for employment.

• Eligibility: Requires a valid job offer from a Romanian employer and a work permit issued by the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI) *before* applying for the visa.
• Process: The employer typically initiates the work permit application in Romania. Once approved, the employee applies for the long-stay work visa at a Romanian embassy or consulate in their home country.
• Benefits: Allows legal employment and residency in Romania.

Example: A software developer from the US accepts a job offer from a tech company in Bucharest. The company applies for their work permit, and once granted, the developer applies for the D/AM visa.

2. Digital Nomad Visa (Viza de Lungă Ședere pentru Nomazi Digitali)

Introduced in 2022, Romania’s Digital Nomad Visa is designed for remote workers or self-employed individuals who earn income from outside Romania.

• Eligibility: Proof of remote work or self-employment for a non-Romanian company, a minimum monthly income (typically three times the average Romanian gross salary, around €3,700-€4,000/month as of 2025), clean criminal record, and health insurance.
• Duration: Initial visa valid for 6 months, renewable for another 6 months (up to 1 year total). Subsequent renewals may be possible for up to 2 years.
• Benefits: Freedom to live and work remotely from Romania, explore the country.

Example: A content creator from Australia works for clients in the US and Canada. They can apply for the Digital Nomad Visa to live in Brașov while continuing their remote work.

3. Business Visa / Investor Visa (Viza de Lungă Ședere pentru Activități Comerciale)

For those looking to establish a business or invest in Romania.

• Eligibility: A robust business plan, proof of sufficient funds for investment (no specific minimum, but needs to be substantial and benefit the Romanian economy), and creation of local jobs.
• Benefits: Opportunity to leverage Romania’s growing market and lower operating costs.

Route to Romanian Citizenship

Becoming a Romanian citizen offers the full benefits of living in an EU member state, including freedom of movement and residency across the European Union. For those who move to Romania with the intention of long-term settlement, understanding the naturalization process is important.

General Requirements for Naturalization

The standard path to Romanian citizenship by naturalization requires meeting several criteria, primarily based on continuous legal residency:

• Legal and Continuous Residence: Generally, you must have resided in Romania continuously for at least 8 years. This period can be reduced in certain circumstances:
  • 5 years if you are married to a Romanian citizen and the marriage has lasted for at least 5 years.
  • 5 years if you have contributed significantly to the country through investments or cultural/scientific achievements.
  • 4 years for stateless persons or refugees.
• Livelihood: You must prove you have the means to support yourself and your family without relying on state benefits. This typically means having a stable income.
• Language Proficiency: Demonstrate a good knowledge of the Romanian language (written and spoken), sufficient to understand daily conversations and participate in social life.
• Knowledge of Romanian Culture and Constitution: You must prove a basic understanding of Romanian culture, history, and the principles of the Romanian Constitution.
• Loyalty to Romania: Declare your loyalty to Romania and commit to respecting its Constitution and laws.
• No Criminal Record: You must not have been convicted of any serious crime in Romania or abroad.
• Good Conduct: Be of good character and not have endangered national security or public order.

Naturalization Process

The application for Romanian citizenship is handled by the National Authority for Citizenship (Autoritatea Națională pentru Cetățenie – ANC). The process typically involves:

1. Application Submission: Submitting all required documents to the ANC. This includes proof of residency, financial stability, birth certificate, marriage certificate (if applicable), and a criminal record certificate.
2. Interview: Applicants will be invited for an interview to assess their Romanian language skills and knowledge of the Constitution and culture.
3. Decision: The ANC’s commission reviews the application and makes a decision. If approved, a Presidential Order is issued.
4. Oath of Allegiance: You will be invited to take an oath of allegiance to Romania. Citizenship is granted after taking the oath.

Dual Citizenship

Romania generally allows dual citizenship, meaning you may not need to renounce your previous nationality when acquiring Romanian citizenship. However, it’s crucial to check the laws of your home country regarding dual nationality, as some countries do not permit it.

Cost of Living in Romania (2025 Updated Data)

One of the most compelling reasons to move to Romania is its remarkably affordable cost of living compared to Western Europe. While prices vary between the capital and smaller cities, daily expenses remain significantly lower across the board, offering a high quality of life without breaking the bank. This section provides an updated overview of typical expenses.

Urban Living Expenses (e.g., Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara)

Romania’s major cities are dynamic hubs with vibrant cultural scenes and growing economies. While they are the most expensive places in Romania, they still offer exceptional value compared to other European capitals.

• Rent (1-bedroom apartment, city center): €400–€650/month (Bucharest can be higher, e.g., €550+)
• Rent (1-bedroom apartment, outside city center): €300–€500/month
• Utilities (electricity, heating, water, garbage, internet): €100–€180/month
• Public Transportation (monthly pass): €20–€35
• Groceries (per person per month): €150–€250
• Dining Out (mid-range restaurant for two): €30–€50
• Internet: €10-€20/month (very affordable and fast)
• Phone Plan: €5-€10/month (very affordable)

Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, and Timișoara are the most expensive cities. Public transport is well-developed, with options like metro, trams, and buses. Ride-sharing services like Uber and Bolt are also widely available.

Smaller Cities and Rural Areas (e.g., Brașov, Sibiu, Iași, Constanța)

For those seeking even greater affordability and a more relaxed pace, smaller cities and rural areas offer significant savings while still providing access to amenities and a rich cultural experience.

• Rent (1-bedroom apartment, city center): €250–€450/month
• Rent (1-bedroom apartment, outside city center): €180–€350/month
• Utilities: €80–€150/month
• Public Transportation (monthly pass): €15–€25
• Groceries (per person per month): €120–€200
• Dining Out (mid-range restaurant for two): €25–€40

Overall Lifestyle Value

The highly favorable income-to-expense ratio is a major draw for expats. Even on an average salary, disposable income tends to be higher than in many Western countries. This allows for a comfortable lifestyle, frequent dining out, travel, and leisure activities without significant financial strain. While salaries might be lower than in Western Europe, the purchasing power is often much higher, making a move to Romania financially attractive.

Business Landscape and Innovation Hub in Romania

Romania’s business environment has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, emerging as a dynamic hub for technology, IT, and outsourcing. Its strategic location, skilled workforce, and competitive operating costs make it an increasingly attractive destination for entrepreneurs and businesses looking to expand into Eastern Europe. This makes it a strong consideration for those looking to move to Romania for professional or business ventures.

Booming IT and Tech Sector

Romania has gained international recognition for its thriving IT sector, particularly in software development, cybersecurity, and fintech. Cities like Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, and Timișoara are rapidly becoming regional tech centers, attracting global companies and fostering a vibrant startup ecosystem. The presence of numerous talented IT specialists, often with strong English language skills, fuels this growth. The government supports innovation through various grants and funding programs aimed at startups and R&D.

Key Growth Industries

Beyond IT, Romania’s economy is diversifying, with significant growth in several key sectors:

• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) & Shared Services: A large number of international companies have established call centers, customer service, and IT support centers due to the skilled, multilingual workforce and lower labor costs.
• Automotive: Home to major production facilities (e.g., Dacia-Renault, Ford) and a strong automotive components industry.
• Manufacturing: Particularly in machinery, electrical equipment, and textiles.
• Agriculture: Romania is a major agricultural producer in Europe, with significant potential for modernization and organic farming.
• Tourism: The sector continues to grow, attracting investment in hospitality and related services.

Governmental Support and Business Incentives

The Romanian government has implemented policies to attract foreign investment and support local businesses:

• Micro-Enterprise Tax Regime: A highly attractive tax regime for small businesses (micro-enterprises) with annual revenues below €500,000, often paying only 1-3% of turnover in corporate tax.
• Flat Tax Rate: A 10% flat personal income tax rate, one of the lowest in the EU, and a 16% corporate income tax rate for larger companies.
• VAT Exemptions: IT employees are often exempt from income tax on salaries derived from software creation.
• EU Funding: Access to significant EU structural funds for various development projects and business initiatives.
• Skilled Workforce: A young, well-educated, and often multilingual workforce, particularly strong in technical fields.

Romania’s strategic location at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, combined with its Black Sea coastline, also positions it as a significant logistical and trade hub.

Top Destinations for Expats in Romania

When you move to Romania, choosing the right city is key to finding your ideal lifestyle and professional opportunities. Each major city offers a unique blend of culture, economy, and atmosphere. Here are some of the most popular destinations for expats:

Bucharest: The Dynamic Capital and Tech Hub

Bucharest is the largest city and the economic, cultural, and political center of Romania. It’s a vibrant, fast-paced city with a booming tech scene, lively nightlife, and a growing expat community.

Living perks include:

• Economic opportunities: Major hub for IT, BPO, finance, and automotive industries.
• Vibrant cultural scene: Numerous museums, theaters, art galleries, live music venues, and festivals.
• Diverse nightlife: Trendy bars, clubs, and restaurants catering to all tastes.
• Affordable compared to Western capitals: While the most expensive in Romania, still great value.
• Excellent connectivity: International airport (Henri Coandă), extensive public transport.

Note: Can be busy and crowded, and traffic can be an issue.

Cluj-Napoca: The Transylvanian Tech Gem and University City

Often called the “Silicon Valley of Transylvania,” Cluj-Napoca is a rapidly growing tech hub and a major university city. It offers a youthful vibe, picturesque old town, and a vibrant cultural scene.

Key features:

• Leading IT hub: High concentration of IT companies and startups.
• Student city: Lively atmosphere with a young, educated population.
• Cultural richness: Historical architecture, numerous festivals (e.g., Electric Castle, Untold).
• Good quality of life: More relaxed pace than Bucharest, with good access to nature.

Note: Accommodation can be competitive due to high demand from students and professionals.

Brașov: The Medieval Charm and Mountain Gateway

Nestled in the Carpathian Mountains, Brașov is famous for its well-preserved medieval old town and stunning natural surroundings. It’s a popular choice for those seeking a balance between city life and outdoor activities.

Expats appreciate:

• Picturesque setting: Historic architecture, charming squares, and mountain views.
• Outdoor activities: Skiing (Poiana Brașov), hiking, and exploring nearby castles (Bran Castle).
• Relaxed pace: Smaller and less chaotic than Bucharest.
• Growing tourism and IT sectors: Expanding job opportunities.

Note: While growing, the job market is smaller than in Bucharest or Cluj.

Timișoara: The Multicultural Western Gateway

Known as “Little Vienna,” Timișoara is a beautiful city in western Romania, close to the Hungarian and Serbian borders. It’s renowned for its multicultural heritage, parks, and vibrant cultural life. It was a European Capital of Culture in 2023.

Life in Timișoara includes:

• Rich cultural diversity: Influences from Austrian, Hungarian, and Serbian cultures.
• Beautiful architecture: Stunning Baroque and Art Nouveau buildings.
• Green city: Many parks and green spaces.
• Developing economy: Strong in IT, automotive, and manufacturing.

Note: Can be less “central” for exploring other parts of Romania if you rely heavily on train travel.

Healthcare Framework & Coverage in Romania

Romania’s healthcare system is undergoing modernization and reform, aiming to provide comprehensive care to all residents. For anyone looking to move to Romania, understanding the public and private healthcare options is essential, as health insurance is mandatory for legal residents.

Public Healthcare System

Romania has a universal healthcare system funded by mandatory contributions to the National Health Insurance House (Casa Națională de Asigurări de Sănătate – CNAS). All employed individuals, self-employed persons, and those on certain benefits are required to contribute.

• Eligibility: Once you are legally employed and contribute to the social security system, you are eligible for public healthcare services. Children, students, and some other categories are covered free of charge.
• Coverage: The public system covers primary care (GP visits), specialist consultations (with GP referral), hospital stays, emergency care, and a portion of prescription medications.
• Quality: While public healthcare services are available, facilities can vary, and waiting times for certain procedures or specialists might be long. Many Romanians and expats often opt for private care for faster access and more modern facilities.

You will need to register with a family doctor (medic de familie) in the public system to access most services.

Private Healthcare

Private healthcare is a popular choice among expats and many Romanians due to its modern facilities, shorter waiting times, and often English-speaking staff. Major private hospital chains like Regina Maria, MedLife, and Sanador offer a wide range of services.

• Benefits: Access to cutting-edge technology, comfortable facilities, direct access to specialists, and a more personalized experience.
• Cost: Services are paid out-of-pocket or covered by private health insurance.

Health Insurance Requirements for Expats

Health insurance is mandatory for obtaining a residence permit in Romania.

• EU/EEA/Swiss Citizens: Your European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) provides temporary coverage for medically necessary treatment, but once you become a resident, you’ll need to register with the Romanian social health insurance system (CNAS) if employed, or secure private insurance if not employed but residing.
• Non-EU Citizens: You will need to show proof of valid health insurance for the duration of your visa and residence permit. This can be:
  • Enrollment in the Romanian public health insurance system (if employed or self-employed and contributing).
  • A private health insurance policy, either international or from a Romanian provider, that covers medical emergencies, hospitalization, and repatriation.

It’s advisable to secure international private health insurance for your initial period in Romania, or to supplement public coverage, especially if you prefer accessing private clinics.

Securing Accommodation in Romania

Finding accommodation is typically straightforward and affordable when you move to Romania, especially compared to Western European countries. The rental market is dynamic, offering a wide range of options from modern city apartments to traditional houses.

Renting Process in Romania

The rental market is generally landlord-friendly but the process is transparent. You’ll find a variety of rental properties.

Common rental property types:

• Apartment (Apartament): Most common in cities, ranging from studios (garsonieră) to multi-bedroom flats.
• House (Casă): More common in suburban or rural areas, often with gardens.
• Subletting (Subînchiriere): Less common, but possible for short-term stays.

Steps for renting:

1. Search: Online platforms like OLX.ro, Imobiliare.ro, Publi24.ro are popular. Real estate agencies are also widely used (expect to pay a commission, usually 50% of one month’s rent, paid by the tenant).
2. Viewings: Arrange viewings and be prepared to make a quick decision in popular areas.
3. Documents: You’ll typically need your passport/ID, visa/residence permit, and sometimes proof of income or employment (though less strict than in Western Europe).
4. Rental Agreement (Contract de închiriere): Always insist on a written contract, ideally registered with the tax authorities (ANAF). This protects both parties. Ensure it specifies rent, duration, notice period, and responsibilities.
5. Deposit (Garanție): Typically one month’s rent, sometimes two. This is standard practice.
6. Utilities: Tenants are usually responsible for utilities (electricity, gas, water, internet, building maintenance fees – întreținere).

Note: Many rental apartments come fully furnished (mobilat complet) or partially furnished (parțial mobilat), which is convenient for expats.

Purchasing Property in Romania

Non-EU citizens generally face restrictions on purchasing land in Romania, but can freely purchase buildings (apartments, houses) and obtain a long-term lease for the associated land. EU/EEA/Swiss citizens have the same rights as Romanian citizens to buy property, including land.

Key information for buyers:

• Costs: Beyond the purchase price, expect additional costs: notary fees (0.5-2% depending on property value), land registration fees (0.5%), and potentially real estate agent commission (2-4% + VAT, usually paid by the buyer).
• Lawyer: It’s highly recommended to engage a local lawyer to assist with the purchase process, especially for non-Romanians.

Ideal Locations for Accommodation

Your choice of location for your move to Romania will depend on your priorities:

• Bucharest: For a dynamic urban experience, popular neighborhoods include Old Town (for nightlife), Dorobanți-Floreasca (upscale), Cotroceni (historic and green), or Pipera (business district, expat-friendly, but can be disconnected).
• Cluj-Napoca: For tech professionals and a vibrant youth culture, look for apartments near the city center or in areas like Mărăști or Grigorescu.
• Brașov: For charming medieval aesthetics and mountain access, the Old Town (Centrul Vechi) or areas with mountain views are popular.
• Iași: For history and a growing IT sector in the east, areas near the Palace of Culture are desirable.

Financial Services & Banking in Romania

Navigating financial services and opening a bank account in Romania is a relatively straightforward process once you have your residency in order. Romania’s banking sector is well-integrated into the EU system, offering modern services suitable for anyone planning to move to Romania.

Opening a Bank Account

Having a local bank account is essential for receiving salaries, paying rent, utilities, and managing daily expenses. Most banks offer current accounts (cont curent) and savings accounts.

• Documents: Typically, you will need your passport/ID, your Romanian residence permit (Permis de Ședere), and proof of address in Romania (e.g., rental contract, utility bill). Some banks might ask for an employment contract or proof of income.
• Types of Banks:
  • Major Romanian Banks: Banca Transilvania (often recommended for expats), BCR (Banca Comercială Română), BRD Groupe Société Générale.
  • International Banks: UniCredit Bank, Raiffeisen Bank, ING Bank (offers good online banking).
• Online Banking: Most banks offer excellent online and mobile banking services, which are very convenient.

Note: Some banks might initially open a non-resident account for you if you don’t yet have your residence permit, and then convert it once you have it.

Payment Methods and Cards

Card payments are widely accepted in Romania, especially in urban areas. Cash is still important, particularly in smaller towns and for smaller purchases.

• Debit Cards: Visa and Mastercard debit cards are standard and widely used.
• Credit Cards: Also common, with various benefits and loyalty programs.
• Contactless Payments: Very common and widely available in shops and restaurants.

International Transfers and Currency Exchange

As Romania uses the Leu (RON) and is not yet in the Eurozone (though aims to join), currency exchange and international transfers are key considerations.

• Currency Exchange: You can exchange major currencies (EUR, USD, GBP) at banks or exchange offices (casa de schimb valutar). Compare rates as they can vary.
• International Transfers:
  • Banks: Can be used for transfers, but might have higher fees.
  • Fintech Platforms: Services like Wise (formerly TransferWise), Revolut, or TransferGo are highly popular among expats for their competitive exchange rates and lower transfer fees.

Financial Planning and Savings

Romania’s affordable living costs and flat tax rate can make it easier to save or invest.

• Savings Accounts: Banks offer various savings products, though interest rates might be relatively low.
• Investment Opportunities: The Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) offers opportunities, and access to international investment platforms is also available.
• Pension: Employees contribute to a state pension fund, and supplementary private pensions are also available.

It’s always advisable to consult with a local financial advisor to understand the specifics of Romanian tax law and investment opportunities, especially given the continuous economic development.

Employment in Romania

Romania’s job market is dynamic and growing, particularly in the IT and outsourcing sectors. For those considering a move to Romania for work, opportunities exist, especially for skilled professionals with relevant experience and, increasingly, good English language skills.

The Romanian Job Market

Romania has one of the fastest-growing economies in the EU, leading to a vibrant job market, especially in specific sectors. While salaries are generally lower than in Western Europe, the significantly lower cost of living often translates to higher purchasing power.

Top hiring industries:

• IT & Tech: Software development, testing, cybersecurity, data analysis, web design. This is the fastest-growing sector, with high demand for skilled professionals.
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) & Shared Service Centers: Customer support, finance, HR, and IT support roles, often requiring multilingual skills.
• Automotive: Engineering, manufacturing, and supply chain roles.
• Manufacturing: Various sectors including electronics, machinery, and textiles.
• Tourism & Hospitality: Growing demand in major cities and tourist destinations.
• Agriculture: Opportunities in a traditionally strong sector.

Average gross annual salaries in Romania are around $18,000 (€16,700), but highly skilled IT professionals can earn significantly more (e.g., €2,000 – €4,000+ per month gross).

Workplace Culture

Romanian workplace culture is generally hierarchical but with a growing trend towards more collaborative and international environments, especially in multinational companies and tech startups. Punctuality is appreciated, and building personal relationships can be important.

• Hierarchy: Decision-making often comes from the top, but feedback from all levels is increasingly valued.
• Relationships: Building good working relationships and trust can be important for effective collaboration.
• Communication: While formal at times, it can also be quite direct.
• Work-Life Balance: While long hours can occur, particularly in fast-paced sectors, there’s a growing awareness of the importance of work-life balance. Standard work week is 40 hours.
• Language: English is widely used in tech, BPO, and international companies. However, learning Romanian will significantly enhance your integration and career prospects, especially if you work in a Romanian company.

Work Visa Requirements

For non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens, a work visa (Viza de Lungă Ședere pentru Angajare în Muncă) is generally required. The process involves securing a work permit first.

• Work Permit (Aviz de Angajare): Your prospective Romanian employer must obtain this from the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI) on your behalf. This is the crucial first step.
• Long-Stay Visa (D/AM): Once the work permit is issued, you apply for this visa at a Romanian embassy or consulate in your country of residence.
• Residence Permit (Permis de Ședere): After entering Romania with your D/AM visa, you must apply for your actual residence permit from the IGI within 30 days.

Key documents generally include a valid passport, work permit, employment contract, proof of qualifications, criminal record certificate, and health insurance.

Remote Work and Digital Nomad Opportunities

Romania is becoming increasingly popular for remote workers, especially with the introduction of its Digital Nomad Visa.

• Digital Nomad Visa: Allows you to reside in Romania while working for a company or clients outside the country. Requirements include a minimum income (3x average Romanian gross salary) and proof of remote work.
• Co-working Spaces: Major cities like Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca have numerous modern co-working spaces, offering excellent infrastructure and networking opportunities for remote workers and freelancers.

Education Framework in Romania

Romania offers a comprehensive education system that aligns with European standards, providing options for both Romanian and international curricula. For families planning a move to Romania, understanding these choices is important for their children’s education.

Compulsory Education

Education is compulsory in Romania for children aged 6 to 18 years. The system is generally structured as follows:

• Pre-school (Grădiniță): Optional, for children aged 3-6.
• Primary School (Școala Primară): Grades 0 (preparatory class) to 4, for children aged 6-10.
• Secondary School (Gimnaziu): Grades 5-8, for children aged 10-14. Upon completion, students take a national exam.
• High School (Liceu): Grades 9-12, for children aged 14-18. Students specialize in various fields (e.g., theoretical, vocational, technical). A Baccalaureate exam (Bacalaureat) is taken at the end of Grade 12, which is required for university admission.

Public schools are generally free of charge. The language of instruction is Romanian. While some public schools in major cities may have classes with intensive foreign language instruction (often English or German), full immersion in Romanian is typically required for foreign students. Many schools offer supplementary Romanian language classes for non-native speakers.

Private and International Schools

For expat families, international schools are a popular choice as they offer curricula taught in English or other foreign languages, often leading to internationally recognized diplomas. These schools are primarily located in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca.

• Curricula: British (IGCSE, A-Levels), American (US High School Diploma), International Baccalaureate (IB), French, German.
• Fees: Annual fees vary significantly but can range from €5,000 to €20,000+ per year.
• Benefits: Continuity of curriculum, English-speaking environment, diverse student body, and often better facilities.

Higher Education (Universities)

Romania has a well-established higher education system, with numerous public and private universities offering Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral programs. Many Romanian universities are internationally recognized, particularly in fields like medicine, engineering, and IT.

• Language of Instruction: While Romanian is the primary language, a growing number of programs are offered entirely in English, French, German, or other languages, especially at the Master’s and PhD levels.
• Tuition Fees: For public universities, tuition fees for non-EU students typically range from €2,000 to €8,000 per year, which is significantly more affordable than in many Western countries. EU students often pay lower fees or no tuition depending on the program.
• Popular Universities: University of Bucharest, Babeș-Bolyai University (Cluj-Napoca), Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Iași).

Many international students choose Romania for its medical universities due to high quality and competitive fees.

Everyday Living & Assimilation in Romania

Moving to Romania offers a unique cultural immersion experience, blending a rich historical past with a rapidly modernizing present. Adapting to daily life involves embracing its warmth, understanding its traditions, and navigating its evolving social landscape.

Social Norms and Lifestyle

Romanian culture is characterized by its warmth, hospitality, and strong family values. While it shares many European influences, it retains its distinct charm. Personal relationships are highly valued.

• Hospitality: Romanians are generally very welcoming and generous. Expect to be offered food and drinks when visiting someone’s home.
• Family: Family ties are very strong, and extended family often plays a significant role in social life.
• Communication: Romanians can be expressive in conversation. Direct eye contact is common. Politeness is highly valued.
• Punctuality: While generally appreciated in professional settings, social punctuality can be a bit more flexible (especially in smaller towns, ‘5 minutes late’ might mean ’15 minutes late’).
• Food: Food is central to Romanian culture. Meals are often hearty and social events. Traditional cuisine features dishes like sarmale (cabbage rolls), mămăligă (polenta), and mici (grilled minced meat rolls).
• Language: Even a few words in Romanian (e.g., “Bună ziua” – Good day, “Mulțumesc” – Thank you) will be greatly appreciated and help with daily interactions.
• Superstitions: Many Romanians hold various superstitions, often related to good luck or warding off bad luck.

Common Hurdles & Solutions for Expats

While generally a pleasant experience, some challenges can arise for expats in Romania:

Bureaucracy and Administrative Processes

Hurdle: Administrative processes (visa, residence permit, registering utilities) can sometimes be slow and involve multiple visits to different offices.
Solution:

• Be patient and bring all necessary documents, plus copies.
• Always confirm required documents, as they can sometimes change or vary slightly.
• Consider hiring a local facilitator or using a relocation service for complex procedures.

Language Barrier

Hurdle: While English is widely spoken by younger generations, especially in cities and the tech sector, it’s less common among older generations or in rural areas.
Solution:

• Start learning Romanian as soon as possible. Even basic phrases will make a big difference.
• Utilize language apps, online courses, or local language schools (e.g., at universities or private centers).
• Don’t be afraid to practice with locals; they generally appreciate the effort.

Driving and Infrastructure

Hurdle: Road quality can vary, and driving styles might be more aggressive than you’re used to. Public transport outside major cities can be less developed.
Solution:

• Exercise caution while driving and be aware of local driving habits.
• Utilize ride-sharing apps (Uber, Bolt) in cities.
• For long-distance travel, train services are available, but often slower than in Western Europe. Domestic flights are efficient for covering long distances within Romania.

Dealing with Initial Culture Shock

Hurdle: Adjusting to different social cues, service levels, or daily routines.
Solution:

• Keep an open mind and embrace the differences as part of the experience.
• Connect with other expats through online forums or local groups for shared experiences and advice.
• Engage with locals, participate in community events, and explore traditional customs.

Intriguing Facts About Romania

Beyond the practicalities of how to move to Romania, here are some captivating facts about this diverse country:

Cultural Gems

• Dracula’s Inspiration: Romania is home to Transylvania, the legendary land of Dracula, inspired by the historical figure Vlad the Impaler. Bran Castle is often associated with the legend.
• Painted Monasteries: The Bucovina region boasts a unique collection of medieval monasteries with exquisite exterior frescoes, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• Merry Cemetery: In Săpânța, northern Romania, there’s a unique cemetery featuring colorful, hand-painted wooden crosses with humorous epitaphs describing the deceased’s life.
• The Sphinx and Babele: Natural rock formations in the Bucegi Mountains, often linked to ancient Dacian rituals and legends.
• Home of the Biro Pen: The inventor of the modern ballpoint pen, Petrache Poenaru, was Romanian.

Lifestyle Tidbits

• Europe’s Largest Parliament Building: The Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest is the heaviest building in the world and the second-largest administrative building.
• Golden Gate of Chess: Bucharest is often called the “Golden Gate of Chess” due to the high number of grandmasters it has produced.
• First Oil Refinery: Romania had the world’s first oil refinery in Ploiești, operational in 1857.
• Untouched Wilderness: The Carpathian Mountains are home to Europe’s largest untouched forests and a significant population of brown bears.
• Fastest Internet in Europe: Romania consistently ranks among the top countries globally for internet speed.

Essential Relocation Checklist for Your Move to Romania

This checklist will help you organize your move to Romania efficiently.

6-9 Months Prior

• Visa & Residency: Determine the correct visa type for your stay (work, study, digital nomad, family reunification) and gather initial requirements.
• Job Search: If moving for work, actively search for jobs and secure an offer. Your employer will initiate the work permit.
• Document Preparation: Collect and prepare all essential personal documents (passport, birth/marriage certificates, academic/professional qualifications, CV/resume). Ensure documents requiring translation are done by a certified translator.
• Schooling (if applicable): Research public and international schools, their curricula, and admission procedures for your children.
• Financial Planning: Assess your financial situation, understand potential costs, and prepare proof of funds required for your visa.
• Language Learning: Start learning Romanian. Even basic phrases will be very beneficial for daily life and integration.

3-6 Months Prior

• Work Permit (if applicable): Ensure your employer has initiated and obtained your work permit.
• Visa Application: Submit your long-stay visa application at the Romanian embassy or consulate in your home country.
• Temporary Accommodation: Arrange for temporary lodging for your arrival in Romania (e.g., for the first few weeks).
• Health Insurance: Secure comprehensive health insurance that meets Romanian visa requirements.
• Pet Relocation (if applicable): Research specific requirements for bringing pets into Romania (vaccinations, microchips, health certificates).
• International Movers: Obtain quotes from international moving companies for your belongings and understand customs regulations.

1-2 Months Prior

• Flight Bookings: Book your flights to Romania.
• Finalize Accommodation: If possible, secure your long-term rental before arrival or confirm temporary housing details.
• Financial Account: Research Romanian banks and prepare to open a local bank account shortly after arrival.
• Medical Check-ups: Get any necessary medical check-ups and obtain sufficient supplies of prescription medications.
• Notify Institutions: Inform banks, utility providers, and other relevant entities of your impending move.

First Week in Romania

• Register Address: Register your address (take your rental contract and passport to the local police station/immigration office) to obtain your residency certificate/permit. This is a critical step.
• Bank Account: Open your Romanian bank account.
• Mobile Phone & Internet: Get a local SIM card and arrange for internet at your accommodation.
• Healthcare Registration: Register with a family doctor (medic de familie) if using the public system.
• Explore & Connect: Begin exploring your new neighborhood and connect with expat groups or local communities.

Closing Reflections on Relocating to Romania

Moving to Romania offers a truly rewarding and unique European experience. It’s a country that blends ancient traditions with a forward-looking dynamism, offering an incredibly affordable lifestyle, stunning natural beauty, and a rapidly expanding economy, especially in the tech sector. While adapting to some bureaucratic processes and potentially a new language might require patience, the warmth of the Romanian people and the richness of its culture make the transition worthwhile.

Prime Perks of Your Move

• Exceptional Affordability: Enjoy a high quality of life at a significantly lower cost than Western Europe.
• Growing Opportunities: A dynamic job market, particularly in IT and outsourcing, and a welcoming environment for entrepreneurs.
• Rich Culture & Nature: Explore medieval castles, vibrant cities, and the stunning Carpathian Mountains or Danube Delta.
• Welcoming Society: Romanians are generally hospitable and eager to share their culture.

Key Notes for a Smooth Transition

• Language Learning: While English is gaining ground, learning Romanian is key to deeper integration.
• Bureaucracy: Be prepared for a systematic approach to administration; patience and organization are your best tools.
• Infrastructure: While improving, be aware that infrastructure, particularly roads, can vary outside major cities.
• Embrace the Culture: Be open to new experiences, traditions, and the local way of life.

Romania is a country full of pleasant surprises, offering a vibrant and authentic European experience. With good preparation and an open mind, your move to Romania can be the beginning of a truly enriching chapter.